Flight behaviour of European corn borer infected with Nosema pyrausta

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L., in North America, Europe and Asia. Before the introduction of transgenic Bt corn targeting lepidopteran pests, the European corn borer was responsible for over $1 billion in damage and control measures annually in the U.S. alone (Mason et al. 1996). Management of this insect historically has been through combinations of cultural, host-plant resistance, and chemical methods (Mason et al. 1996; Rice and Ostlie 1997; Pilcher and Rice 2001). In addition, the microsporidian intracellular parasite